Knowledge cartography software tools and mapping techniques

He is involved in the preparation and the delivery of training sessions on knowledge modeling and on instructional engineering with tools and methods developed at the LICEF. Email: leonard. He received his A. His most recent work attempts to make evi- dential reasoning accessible to practicing analysts and decision makers. Email: lowrance ai. Email: r. She holds B. She also holds M. Her research interests include representation and reasoning, evidence management, and multimedia-based user interfaces.

Email: murdock ai. His interests include the design, construction, and ap- plication of large knowledge-based systems with particular focus on interactive methods for knowledge acquisition and knowledge integration. Email: murray ai.

Novak Knowledge Consultants, Inc. His interests focus on meaningful learning and concept maps in educa- tion and knowledge management. Preface 17 Email: jnovak ihmc. She is interested in how knowledge maps can be used to facilitate research, investigation and learning. Email: a. He holds degrees in Business Management and in Commerce with Honours. He also performs corporate consulting in knowledge management, business systems and web presence. He founded the LICEF Research Center in and initiated many strategic and large projects on instructional engineering of e-learning environments and on knowledge man- agement.

He is the main designer of the knowledge modeling software MOT. He is the author of three books and of hundreds of articles and communications in those fields. Email: paquette. In her thesis, she examined, with a Vygotskian approach, the epistemic mediations of a graphical knowledge representation tool during a text comprehension activity.

She is also a tutor in an online course on cognitive science and learning offered at Tele-universite. Her current research in- terests are related to the use of knowledge modeling for learning and for knowl- edge elicitation, to the development of cognitive skills and to artifact-mediated ac- tivity. She is interested in the conceptual un- derpinnings of Argument Mapping and its relationship to critical thinking, as well as in applying Argument Mapping in professional contexts.

Email: yxr austhink. He is now an independent consultant. His research interests include machine- learning, reasoning under uncertainty, and web enabled user interfaces. Email: rodriguez ai. Selvin is a Director in the Information Technology Group at Verizon Communications, USA, where he leads web design, software development and business process redesign teams. His research interests are on the practice of con- structing hypermedia representations, practice in participatory hypermedia con- struction and collaborative hypermedia authoring.

He is the original developer and member of the ongoing core team for the Compendium approach and toolset and has facilitated over sessions for industry, academic, and public groups. He re- ceived his B. Email: alselvin gmail. He is interested in using maps to enhance teachers' creativity in the design of curricula and pedagogical materials.

Email: tonysherborne dsl. His research focuses on multi-agent systems and artificial intelligence. His early work discusses about knowledge modelling and expert sys- tems. His work area comprehends developing tools for modelling situated human behavior in organizations.

E-mail: msierhuis mail. He holds a B. His research focuses on the design of educational technologies for collaborative learning and online learning communities. Email: suthers hawaii. He is interested in everything except professional sport. Email: neilt unimelb. His research interests include the rep- resentation of knowledge, techniques for approximate reasoning, and user interface design. Email: thomere ai. Her inter- ests are e-learning, virtual universities, collaborative learning and concept map- ping.

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All rights reserved. The objective is to expose the structure of an argument, in particular how evidence is being used, in order to clarify the status of the debate. Still used in legal education today, the idea has been extended, formalised and reinvented in many ways Buckingham Shum, ; Reed et al. IBIS structures deliberation by connecting Issues, Positions and Arguments in consistent ways, which can be rendered as textual outlines and graphi- cal maps.

Issue Map created with Compendium Web Mapping appeared relatively recently as a result of the rapid growth of the internet. Software tools provide a way for users to capture, position, iconify, link and annotate hyperlinks in a visual space as they navigate, creating a richer trail which comes to have more personal meaning than a simple bookmark list.

This is a huge field in its own right, with schemes such as Unified Modeling Language UML supporting user communities far larger than any of the others listed here, plus innumerable other notations and tools that exploit the power of visualization for modelling processes, ontologies and organiza- tions.

Overview of the book This book has 17 chapters organised in two parts, defined by whether the primary application is in formal learning or the workplace. However, while this distinction reflects two large audiences, readers will find ideas cross-fertilising healthily be- tween chapters.

We start with tools for learners, opening with a literature survey, followed by examples of different approaches concept mapping, information mapping; argument mapping. Attention then turns to the kinds of maps that educators need. In the second half we broaden the scope to Knowledge Maps for Information Analysis and Knowledge Management, examining the role that these tools are playing in professional communities—but with great relevance also to more formal learning contexts.

The studies span face-to-face, synchronous online and asynchronous online media in both classroom and laboratory set- tings. These tools have been used from early grades to college courses to foster cognitive development and content learning, across all disciplines 5. They analyze a case study in Lyon School of Management EM LYON , to show how the fea- tures of the software, such as a hybrid representational system, visual widgets and collaboration, help in constructing formalised knowledge.

They present preliminary evidence and discussion concerning how LAMP confers these benefits, and call for proper experimental and educa- tional research. Her qualitative analysis highlights the diversity of ways, both successful and unsuccessful, in which dialogue mapping was used by these young teenagers to write scientific explanations. Since each of these diagramming techniques was devised for a particular domain or argumentation, they discuss some of the issues involved in translating between the schemes.

He reviews the evidence for how mapping can help curriculum developers and teachers, by promoting more collaborative, learner- centric designs. She discusses how learning activities can be repre- sented, and how the maps provide a mechanism to supporting decision making in creating new activities. He provides concepts and frameworks useful in analysing collaborative practice, il- lustrating them with a case study.

Preface 9 They reflect on the value of this approach, and how it can be ex- tended with finer-grained argument mapping techniques. He argues that argument mapping can help deliver the transparency and accountability required in participatory democracy. They demonstrates how human and agent plans, data, multimedia documents, meta- data, discussions, interpretations and arguments can be mapped in an integrated manner, and successfully deployed in field trials which simulated aspects of mission workload pressure.

Lowrance et al. These graphical depictions convey lines of reasoning, from evidence through to conclusions. Their structured arguments are based on a hierarchy of questions a tree that is used to assess a situation. This hierarchy of questions is called the argument template as opposed to the argument, which answers the questions posed by a template He uses his own experience in applying CmapTools software to understand the concept of partnership. Basque et al.

They use an object-typed knowledge modelling soft- ware tool called MOT, to elaborate knowledge models in small groups com- posed of experienced and less experienced employees. We have emphasised the challenge of helping analysts craft maps of information resources, concepts, issues, ideas and arguments as an intrinsic part of their personal and collective sensemaking. As with all artistry and craft, the process and product should interweave: the discipline required to craft a good map should clarify thinking and discourse in a way that augments the analytic task at hand, and the emerging map should in turn provoke further reflection on the rigour of the analysis.

We are interested in mapping the structure of physical phenomena e. This orientation complements the work that has emerged in recent years in Do- main Visualization within the information retrieval community, and Meeting Cap- ture from the multimedia analysis community. In Domain Visualization e. In Meeting Capture research e. Rienks, et al. We envisage that human and machine knowledge mapping will eventually con- verge. Software agents will work continuously in the background and on demand, generating maps and alerts that expose potentially significant patterns in discussions and publications e.

Analysts will assess, further annotate, and add new interpretive layers. Human and machine mapping should be synergistic. Machines will play a critical role by filtering the data ocean, extracting increasingly higher level patterns, and acting on those semi-autonomously.

People will, however, sense con- nections between experiences and ideas, and constantly read new connotations into their physical and information environments, in ways that are hard to imagine in machines. As we learn almost daily of new, unexpected connections between natural and designed phenomena, we have to find ways to teach these rich, multilay- ered webs to our children.

More than ever, we need to find ways to build common ground between diverse groups as they seek to make sense of the past, the immedi- ate challenges of the present, and possible futures. It would trivialise the dilemmas we face to declare a technological silver bullet. However, we cautiously propose that rigour and artistry in Knowledge Cartography has a significant role to play in shap- ing how stakeholders, young and old, learn to think, listen and debate.

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